In which of the following groups of organisms, nitrogenous wastes are excreted in such a way to minimise the excessive loss of water?

Options

A. Birds and snails
B. Reptiles an insects
C. Insects and birds
D. All of the above

Answer

To solve the question regarding which group of organisms excretes nitrogenous wastes in a way that minimizes excessive loss of water, we can follow these steps:

### Step 1: Understand the Types of Nitrogenous Wastes
- There are three main types of nitrogenous wastes: ammonia, urea, and uric acid.
- **Ammonia** is highly soluble in water and requires a large amount of water for its excretion. It is the most toxic form of nitrogenous waste.
- **Urea** is less toxic than ammonia and requires less water for excretion. Organisms that excrete urea are called ureotelic (e.g., amphibians and mammals).
- **Uric Acid** is the least toxic form of nitrogenous waste and is excreted as a paste, which minimizes water loss. Organisms that excrete uric acid are called uricotelic (e.g., birds, reptiles, and insects).

### Step 2: Identify the Groups of Organisms
- The question provides four groups:
1. Birds and snails
2. Reptiles and insects
3. Insects and birds
4. All of the above

### Step 3: Analyze Each Group
- **Birds and Snails**: Both excrete uric acid, thus minimizing water loss.
- **Reptiles and Insects**: Both also excrete uric acid, minimizing water loss.
- **Insects and Birds**: Again, both groups excrete uric acid.
- **All of the Above**: Since all mentioned groups excrete uric acid, they all minimize water loss.

### Step 4: Conclusion
Since all the groups listed excrete uric acid, which minimizes excessive water loss, the correct answer is **All of the Above**.

### Final Answer:
**All of the above**

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