(a) What is fractional distillation ? What is the use of fractionating column in fractional distillation?
(b) Draw a labelled diagram of the fractional distillation apparatus distillation apparatus used for separating a mixture of alcohol and water

Explanation

(b) A fractionating column obstructs the upwards movement of the vapours of the liquids. As a result, the energy (latent heat of condensation) which is released by the high boiling liquid is taken by the low boiling liquid. It remains in the vapour state. The high boiling liquid by releasing energy condenses and falls back in the distillation flask. Thus, fractionating column helps in the separation of the components from a liquid mixture. For example, a mixture of ethyl alcohol and water.