In which of the following bond angle is maximum ?

Options

A. `NH_(3)`
B. `NH_(4)^(+)`
C. `PCl_(3)`
D. `SCl_(2)`

Answer

To determine which of the given compounds has the maximum bond angle, we will analyze each compound step by step, focusing on their hybridization, molecular geometry, and bond angles.

### Step 1: Analyze Ammonia (NH₃)
1. **Valence Electrons Calculation**:
- Nitrogen (N) has 5 valence electrons.
- There are 3 hydrogen (H) atoms, each contributing 1 valence electron.
- Total = 5 + 3 = 8 electrons.

2. **Hybridization**:
- Using the formula: (Valence electrons + Monovalent atoms) / 2 = (5 + 3) / 2 = 4.
- Hybridization = sp³.

3. **Geometry**:
- The geometry is tetrahedral due to 4 regions of electron density (3 bond pairs and 1 lone pair).
- Molecular geometry is trigonal pyramidal.

4. **Bond Angle**:
- The ideal bond angle for tetrahedral geometry is 109.5°, but due to the presence of a lone pair, the bond angle is reduced to approximately 107°.

### Step 2: Analyze Ammonium Ion (NH₄⁺)
1. **Valence Electrons Calculation**:
- Nitrogen has 5 valence electrons.
- There are 4 hydrogen atoms.
- The positive charge means we subtract 1 electron.
- Total = (5 + 4 - 1) = 8 electrons.

2. **Hybridization**:
- Hybridization = sp³ (as calculated previously).

3. **Geometry**:
- There are 4 bond pairs and no lone pairs.
- Geometry is tetrahedral.

4. **Bond Angle**:
- The bond angle is 109.5°.

### Step 3: Analyze Phosphorus Trichloride (PCl₃)
1. **Valence Electrons Calculation**:
- Phosphorus (P) has 5 valence electrons.
- There are 3 chlorine (Cl) atoms.
- Total = 5 + 3 = 8 electrons.

2. **Hybridization**:
- Hybridization = sp³.

3. **Geometry**:
- There are 3 bond pairs and 1 lone pair.
- Molecular geometry is trigonal pyramidal.

4. **Bond Angle**:
- The bond angle is approximately 103° due to the lone pair.

### Step 4: Analyze Sulfur Dichloride (SCl₂)
1. **Valence Electrons Calculation**:
- Sulfur (S) has 6 valence electrons.
- There are 2 chlorine atoms.
- Total = 6 + 2 = 8 electrons.

2. **Hybridization**:
- Hybridization = sp³.

3. **Geometry**:
- There are 2 bond pairs and 2 lone pairs.
- Molecular geometry is bent.

4. **Bond Angle**:
- The bond angle is approximately 103° due to lone pair repulsion.

### Conclusion
After analyzing all four compounds:
- **NH₃**: Bond angle = 107°
- **NH₄⁺**: Bond angle = 109.5°
- **PCl₃**: Bond angle = 103°
- **SCl₂**: Bond angle = 103°

The compound with the maximum bond angle is **NH₄⁺** with a bond angle of **109.5°**.

### Final Answer
**The maximum bond angle is found in NH₄⁺ (Ammonium ion) with a bond angle of 109.5°.**

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