Write any four ways used to introduce a desired DNA segment into a bacterial cell in recombinant technology experiments.

Explanation

i) The desired DNA segment is inserted into a cloning vector and the bacterial cells can be made to take it up after making them competent by treating them with specific concentration of divalent cations such as calcium.
ii) Microinjection
iii) Biolistics or gene gun.
iv) Disarmed pathogen vector