Why and how bacteria can be made 'competent' ?

Name a method by which a bacterial cell can be made competent for transformation.

Why is it difficult for DNA to pass through cell membrane ? How the bacterial cells can be made competent to take up DNA ?

In order to induce the bacterial uptake of plasmids, the bacteria are made 'competent' by first treating with :

(i) Describe the characteristics that a cloning vector must posses. (ii) why DNA can not pass through the cell membrane ? Explain. How is a bacterial cell made 'competent' to take up recombinant DNA from the medium ?

Why DNA cannot pass through the cell membrane? Explain. How is a bacterial cell made 'competent' to take up recombnant DNA from the medium?

(a) Why should a bacterium be made 'competent? (b) Explain the role of 'microinjection' and 'gene gun' in biotechnology .

Bacteria are made up of

How can bacterial cell be made competent to take up DNA?