How do molecular markers work to unlock the evolutionary history of organisms?

Explanation

1.Molecular Taxonomy is the branch of phylogeny that analyses hereditary molecular differences, mainly in DNA sequences, to gain information and to establish genetic relationship between the members of different taxonomic categories.
2. Different molecular markers like allozymes, mitochondrial DNA, micro satellites, RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length polymoriphic DNA), AFLPs (Amplifed Fragment Lenght Polyorphism),single nucleotide polymorphism-SNP, microchips or arrays are used in analysis.
(a) RFPL (Restriction Fragment Lenght Polymorphism):
RFLPs is molecular method of genetic analysis that allows identification taxa based on unique patterns of restriction sites in specific regions of DNA.
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP):
A restriction enzyme is used to cut DNA into numerous smaller pieces, each of which terminates in a characteristic nucleotide sequence.
AFLP is largely used for population genetics studies, studies of closely related species etc.
(c) Random Amplified Poymorphic DNA (RAPD):
(i) It is a method to identify genetic markers using a randomly synthesized primer that , will anneal (recombine (DNA) in the double stranded form) to complementary regions located in various locations of isolated DNA.
(ii) If another complementary site is present on the opposing DNA strand at a distance that is not too great (within the limits of (PCR) then the reaction will amplify this region of DNA.
(iii) RAPDs like microsatellites may often be successfully employed in phylogenetic studies to address relationships within a species or between closely related species.