What are spores ?

What are porins? What role do they play in diffusion?

(i) Identify the process depicted in the diagram given below. (ii) The part labelled as spores has a covering of thick walls around it. What is its advantage? (iii) What are hyphae?

[A] : Heterospory has led to the reduction and specialization in spores . [R] : Incipient heterospory has been found to occur in the fern Platyzoma microphylla.

Binucleate spores of Puccinia graminis released from Barberis (Barberry) leaf and responsible for initial infection in a wheat plant are called as

[A] : Club fungi reproduce sexually . [R] : In club fungi , dikaryotic phase is prolonged and produces fruiting bodies where spores and produced in club shaped basidia .

What are plasma membrane ? What are their functions ?

What are decomposers? What would be the consequence of their absence in an ecosystem?

What is a seed ? What are the two major parts of seed ?

Three codons on mRNA are not recognized by transfer RNA. What are they? What is the general term used for them? What is their significance in protein synthesis?