What are chromosomal disorders Describe the following chromosomal disorders in human beings a ) Klinefelter's syndrome b) Turner's syndrome.

Explanation

KLINEFELTER SYNDROME: This syndrome was reported by Harry Klinefelter. It is caused due to the presence of additional X in a genotype of XY. (Trisomy) Symptoms :
• Small penis
• Diminished pubic, axillary, and facial hair
• Enlarged breast tissue (called gynecomastia)
• Learning disabilities Simian crease (a single crease in the palm) 
• Abnormal body proportions (long legs, short trunk) .Small firm testicles Sexual dysfunction Tall stature
• Personality impairment Note: The severity of symptoms may vary. Tests may include: Karyotyping showing 47 chromosomes with XXY
• Semen exam showing low sperm count
• Decreased serum testosterone level
• Increased serum luteinizing hormone and increased serum follicle stimulating hormone.
TURNER SYNDROME Harry Turner reported this syndrome. It is an autosomal numerical abnormality caused due to a loss of X chromosome in a female genotype of XX Signs of Turner syndrome include:
• Broad chest.
• Short stature.
• Short neck with a webbed appearance. Low hairline at the back of the neck.
• Low - set ears.
• Delayed growth of the skeleton.
• Shortened fourth and fifth fingers.
• Heart abnormalities.
• Hands and feet may be swollen or puffy at birth. . Often have soft nails that turn upward at the ends when they are older.
• Many defects are due to obstruction of the lymphatic system during foetal development.
• A characteristic cosmetic feature is the presence of multiple pigmented navy blue colored spots on the skin.
• Women with Turner syndrome are usually infertile due to ovarian failure. Diagnosis: .blood . karyotype