Gymnosperms do not possess

Options

A. sexual reproduction
B. spores
C. vegetative reproduction
D. all of these

Answer

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding Gymnosperms**: Gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants that include conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. The term "gymnosperm" means "naked seeds," indicating that their seeds are not enclosed in an ovary (fruit).

2. **Reproductive Processes in Gymnosperms**:
- **Sexual Reproduction**: Gymnosperms do undergo sexual reproduction. They produce male and female gametes, with male gametes being carried by pollen grains. The fertilization process occurs when pollen reaches the ovule.
- **Spores**: Gymnosperms are heterosporous, meaning they produce two types of spores: microspores (male) and megaspores (female). Therefore, they do possess spores.
- **Vegetative Reproduction**: Gymnosperms do not typically reproduce vegetatively. This means they do not commonly reproduce through methods such as cuttings or runners.

3. **Conclusion**: Based on the above points, the correct answer to the question "Gymnosperms do not possess" is vegetative reproduction.

**Final Answer**: Gymnosperms do not possess vegetative reproduction.

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