Identify the incorrect statements

Options

A. In embryophytes, fertilization is internal
B. All gymnosperms exhibit siphanogamy only
C. All gymnosperms and angiosperms are siphonogamous
D. Bryophytes and pteriodophytes are zooidogamous

Answer

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding the Question**: The question asks us to identify the incorrect statements from the given options related to reproduction in organisms.

2. **Analyzing the First Statement**: The first statement claims that "in embryophytes, fertilization is internal."
- **Evaluation**: This statement is correct because in embryophytes (land plants), fertilization occurs internally within the ovule.

3. **Analyzing the Second Statement**: The second statement states that "All Gymnosperms exhibit Cephanogamy only."
- **Evaluation**: This statement is incorrect. While Gymnosperms do exhibit Cephanogamy, not all Gymnosperms exclusively use this method for fertilization. Some may also have other methods.

4. **Analyzing the Third Statement**: The third statement claims that "all Gymnosperms and Angiosperms are Siphonogammas."
- **Evaluation**: This statement is correct. Both Gymnosperms and Angiosperms are classified as Siphonogammas because they have specialized structures (pollen tubes) for the transfer of male gametes.

5. **Analyzing the Fourth Statement**: The fourth statement says "bryophytes and tridophytes are the eudogamers."
- **Evaluation**: This statement is also incorrect. Bryophytes and Tridophytes (more commonly referred to as Pteridophytes) do not fit the definition of eudogamers as they do not have the same reproductive structures as those classified under this term.

6. **Conclusion**: The incorrect statements identified are:
- Second Statement: "All Gymnosperms exhibit Cephanogamy only."
- Fourth Statement: "Bryophytes and tridophytes are the eudogamers."

**Final Answer**: The incorrect statements are the second and fourth statements.

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