Ventral nerve cord in cockroaches arises from

Options

A. Supra-pharyngeal ganglion
B. Circum pharyngeal connectives
C. Sub-phyaryngeal ganglion
D. All of these

Answer

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding the Nervous System of Cockroaches**:
- Cockroaches have a ventral nerve cord that is part of their nervous system. It consists of a double nerve cord that runs along the ventral side of the body.

2. **Location of the Ventral Nerve Cord**:
- The ventral nerve cord travels through the thorax and into the abdomen, situated below the alimentary canal.

3. **Ganglia in the Nervous System**:
- The ventral nerve cord has several ganglia. In the thorax, there are three major ganglia:
- Prothoracic ganglion
- Mesothoracic ganglion
- Metathoracic ganglion
- In the abdomen, there are six ganglia.

4. **Origin of the Ventral Nerve Cord**:
- The ventral nerve cord arises from the sub-esophageal ganglion, which is located below the esophagus in the head region of the cockroach.

5. **Conclusion**:
- Therefore, the ventral nerve cord in cockroaches arises from the sub-esophageal ganglion.