The artificially restructured plasmids are

Options

A. pBR322
B. `P^("UC19")`
C. `P^("UC 101")`
D. All the above

Answer

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Definition of Artificially Restructured Plasmids**:
- Artificially restructured plasmids are plasmids that have been modified in the laboratory (in vitro) to enhance their properties for specific applications in biotechnology.

2. **Autonomous Replication**:
- These plasmids possess the ability to replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA of the host organism. This means they can produce copies of themselves without relying on the host's cellular machinery.

3. **Use as Vectors**:
- They are primarily used as vectors. A vector is a vehicle that carries foreign genetic material into another cell. In this case, the desired gene is inserted into the plasmid.

4. **Construction Process**:
- The construction of these plasmids involves recombining selected DNA segments. This is achieved by using restriction enzymes to cut the plasmid DNA at specific sites, allowing for the insertion of the desired gene.

5. **Incorporation of Essential Elements**:
- When restructuring plasmids, several important elements are incorporated:
- **Origin of Replication**: This allows the plasmid to replicate within the host cell.
- **Selectable Markers**: These are genes that confer resistance to antibiotics, allowing for the selection of successfully transformed cells.

6. **Examples of Artificially Restructured Plasmids**:
- A well-known example is PBR322, which was developed by inserting antibiotic resistance genes. The name PBR322 comes from the initials of its creators, Bolivar and Rodriguez, and the number 322 refers to its identification number.
- Other examples include puc19 and puc101, which were developed at the University of California.

7. **Conclusion**:
- Artificially restructured plasmids are crucial tools in biotechnology for gene cloning, gene expression studies, and the production of recombinant proteins.