Which of the following do not support co- evolution

Options

A. mutualism
B. parasitism
C. commensalism
D. none of these

Answer

### Step-by-Step Text Solution

**Step 1: Understand Co-evolution**
Co-evolution refers to the process where two or more species influence each other's evolutionary trajectory through their interactions. This can occur in various types of relationships, including mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism.

**Step 2: Identify Types of Interactions**
1. **Mutualism**: Both species benefit from the interaction. For example, bees and flowers; bees get nectar, and flowers get pollinated.
2. **Parasitism**: One species benefits at the expense of the other. For example, a tapeworm living in the intestines of a host animal.
3. **Commensalism**: One species benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed. For example, barnacles attaching to a whale.

**Step 3: Analyze Each Interaction for Co-evolution Support**
- **Mutualism**: Supports co-evolution as both species benefit and evolve together.
- **Commensalism**: While one species benefits, the other is unaffected, which can still allow for some level of co-evolution, though it is less direct.
- **Parasitism**: This does not support co-evolution because the host is harmed, and the evolutionary path of the host is negatively affected by the parasite.

**Step 4: Conclusion**
Based on the analysis, parasitism does not support co-evolution because it involves a negative impact on one of the species involved. Therefore, the answer to the question is **Parasitism**.