Answer the following :
(a) How many types of fission are possible of a covalent bond?
(b) how many types of ions are formed by heterolytic fission and what are their names?
(c) What are the names and nature of the parts formed by homolytic fission?
(d) How many electrons are present in the valence shell of the carbon atom of the carbonium ion?
(e) How many electrons are present in the valence shell of carbon atom of the carbanion ion?
(f) Name the attacking reagents and give their nature.
(g) Write the names of the parts obtained when `C-Cl` bond of ethyl chloride undergoes heterolytic fission.
(h) What is the major factor that influences the relatives stabilities of carbocations, carbanions and free radicals.

Explanation

(a) Two, homolytic and heterolytic.
(b) Two, carbocation and carbanion.
(c) Parts are free radicals. These are electrically neytral.
(d) Six electrons.
(e) Eight electrons.
(f) Electrophilic reagents-Positively charged ions or neutral molecules which have affinity for electrons.
Nucleophilic reagents- Negatively charged ions or neutral molecules which have tendency to lose an electron pair.
(g) `underset("Ethyl chloride")(CH_(3)CH_(2)-Cl)rarrunderset("Ethyl carbocation")(CH_(3)overset(+)CH_(2))+underset("Chloride ion")(overset(-)Cl)`
(h) Any diminution of `+` or `-` charge or of electron deficiency on the carbon stabilizes the intermediate.