Point out the general characters of Gymnospermns.

Explanation

General characteristic features:
(i) Most of the gymnosperms are evergreen woody trees or shrubs. Some are lianas (Gnetum)
(ii) The plant body is sporophyte and is differentiated into root, stem and leaves.
(iii) A well developed Tap root system is present. Coralloid Roots of Cycas have symbiotic association with blue green algae. In Pinus the roots have mycorrhizae.
(iv) The stem is aerial, erect and branched or unbranched (Cycas) with leaf scars.
(v) In conifers two types of branches namely branches of limited growth (Dwarf shoor) and Branches of unlimited growth (Long shoot) is present.
(vi) Leaves are dimorphic, foliage and scale leaves are present. Foliage leaves are green, photosynthetic and borne on branches of limited growth. They show xerophytic features.
(vii) The xylem consists of tracheids but in Gnetum and Ephedra vessels are present.
(vii) Secondary growth is present. The wood may be Manoxylic (Porous, soft, more parenchyma with wide medullary ray -Cycas) or Pycnoxylic (compact with narrow medullary ray-Pinus).
(ix) They are Heterosporous. The plant may be monoecious (Pimus) or dioecious (Cycas).
(x)Microsporangia and Megasporangia are produced on Microsporophyll and Megasporophyll respectively.
(xi) Male and female cones are produced.
(xii) Anemophilous pollination is present.
(xiii) Fertilization is siphonogamous and pollen tube helps in the transfer of male nuclei.
(xiv) Sporne (1965) classified gymnosperms into 3 classes, 9 orders and 31 families. The classes include (i) Cycadospsida (ii) Coniferopsida (iii) Gnetopsida.