Explain in detail about the various stages of Prophase l.

Explanation

Prophase I- Prophase I is of longer duration and it is divided into 5 substages-leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene and Diakinesis.
Leptotene_Chromosomes are visible under light microscope. Condensation of chromosomes takes place. Paired sister chromatids begin to condense.
Zygotene-Pairing of homologous chromosomes takes place and it is known as synapsis.
Chromosome synapsis is made by the formation of synaptonemal complex. the complex formed by the homologous chromosomes are called as Bivalent (tetrads).
Pachytene-At this stage bivalent chromosomes are clearly visible as tetrads. Bivalent of meiosis I consists of 4 chromatids and 2 centromeres. Synapsis is completed and recombination nodules appear at a site where crossing over takes place between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. Recombination of homologous chromosomes is completed by the end of the stage but the chromosomes are linekd at the sites of crossing over. this is mediated by the enzyme recombinase.
Diplotene-Synaptonemal complex disassembled and dissolves. the homologous chromosomes remain attached at one or more points where crossing over has taken place. these points of attachment where 'X' shaped structures occur at the sites of crossing over is called Chiasmata. Chiasmata are chromatin structures at sites where recombination has been taken place. they are specialised chromosomal structures that hold the homologous chromosomes together. sister chromatids remain closely associated whereas the homologous chromosomes tend to separate from each other but are held together by chiasmata. this substage may last for days or years depending on the sex and organism. the chromosomes are very actively transcribed in females as the egg stores up materials for use during embryonic development.
In animals, the chromosomes have prominent loops called lampbrush chromosome.
Diakinesis-Terminalisation of chiasmata. Spindle fibres assemble. nuclear envelope breaks down. homologous chromosomes because short and condensed. nucleolus disappears.