(i) Explain the three types of hyperploidy.
(ii) List out the significance of ploidy.

Explanation

(i) (a) Trisomy: Addition of single chromosome to diploid set is called Simple trisomy (2n+1). Trisomics were first reported by Blackeslee (1910) in Datura stramonium (Jimson weed). But later it was reported in Nicotiana, Pisum and Oenothera. Sometimes addition of two individual chromosome from different chromosomal pairs to normal diploid sets are called Double trisomy (2n+1+1).
(b) Tetrasomy: Addition of a pair or two individual pairs of chromosomes to diploid set is called tetrasomy (2n+2) and Double tetrasomy (2n+2+2) respectively. All possible tetrasomics are available in Wheat.
(c) Pentasomy: Addition of three individual chromosome from different chromosomal pairs to normal diploid set are called pentasomy (2n+3).
* Many polyploids are more vigorous and more adaptable than diploids.
* Many omamental plants are autotetraploids and have larger flower and longer flowering duration than diploids.
* Autopolyploids usually have increase in fresh weight due to more water content.
* Aneuploids are useful to determine the phenotypic effects of loss or gain of different chromosomes.
* Many angiosperms are allopolyploids and they play a role in an evolution of plants.