Give a comparative account on the wall layers of Anther.

Explanation

Anther wall : The mature anther wall consists of the following layers
`{:("a. Epidemis ","b. Endothecium","c. Middle layers","d. Tapetum"):}`
a. Epodermis : It is single layered and protective in function . The cells undergo repeated anticlinal division to cope up with rapidly enlargin internal tissues.
b. Endothecium : It is generally a single layer of radially elongated cells found below the epidermis . The inner tangential wall develops bands (sometimes radial walls also) of a cellulose (sometimes also slightly lignified). The cells are hygroscopic . In the anthers of aquatic plants , saprophytes , cleistogamous flowers and extreme parasites endothecial differentiation is absent . The cells along the junction of the two sporangia of an anther lobe lack these thickenings . This region is called stomium . This region along with the hydroscopic nature of endothecium helps in the dehiscence of anther at maturity .
c. Middle layers : Tow to three layers of cells next to endothcium constitute middle layers
They are generally ephemeral . They disintegrate or get crushed during maturity.
d. Tapetum : It is the innermost layer of anther wall and attains its maximum development at the tetrad stage of microsporogenesis. It is derived partly from the peripheral wall layer and partly from the connective tissue of the anther lining the anther locule. Thus , the tapetum is dual in origin. It nourshes the developing sporogenous tissue , microspore mother cells and microspores . The cells of the tapetum may remain uninucleate or may contain more than one nucleus or the nucleus may become polyloid . It also contributes to the wall materials , sprorollenin , pollenkitt , tryphine and number of proteins that control incompatibility reaction. Tapetum also controls the fertility of the microspores or pollen grains.