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Why is it difficult for DNA to pass thro...

Why is it difficult for DNA to pass through cell membrane ? How the bacterial cells can be made competent to take up DNA ?

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Since the DNA is a hydrophilic molecule , it cannot pass through cell membranes , In order to force bacteria to take up the plasmid , the bacterial cell must first be made competent to take up DNA. This is done by treating them with a specific concentration of a divalent cation such as calcium.
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