Give a detailed account of Biotic and abiotic components of a pond ecosystem .

Explanation

Abiotic components
A pond ecosystem consists of dissolved inorganic (`CO_2, O_2, Ca, N` and Phosphate) and organic substances (amino acids and humic acid) formed from the dead organic matter. The function of pond ecosystem is regulated by few factors like the amount of light, temperature, pH value of water and other climatic conditions.
  Biotic components
  They constitute the producers, variety of consumers and decomposers (microorganisms).
  a. Producers
A variety of phytoplanktons like Oscillatoria, Anabaena, Eudorina, Volvox and Diatoms. Filamentous algae such as Ulothrix, Spirogyra, Cladophora and Oedogonium, floating plants Azolla, Salvia, Pistia, Wolffia and Eichhornia, sub-merged plants Potamogeton and Phragmitis, rooted floating plants Nymphaea and Nelumbo, macrophytes like Typha and Ipomoea, constitute the major producers of a pond ecosystem.
  b. Consumers The animals represent the consumers of a pond ecosystem include zooplanktons like Paramoecium and Daphnia (primary consumers), benthos (bottom living animals) like molluscs and annelids, secondary consumers like water beetles and frogs, and tertiary consumers (carnivores) like duck, crane and some top carnivores which include large fish, hawk and man, etc.
c. Decomposers They are also called as microconsumers. They help to recycle the nutrients in the ecosystem. These are present in mud water and bottom of the ponds. Example: Bacteria and Fungi. Decomposers perform the process of decomposition in order to enrich the nutrients in the pond ecosystem.