How are nitrochlorobenzene and chlorobenzene sulphonic acid are prepared from chlorobenzene?

Explanation

To prepare nitrochlorobenzene and chlorobenzene sulfonic acid from chlorobenzene, we will follow two distinct reactions: nitration and sulfonation. Below are the step-by-step procedures for each preparation.

### Preparation of Nitrochlorobenzene from Chlorobenzene:

1. **Starting Material**: Begin with chlorobenzene, which has a chlorine (Cl) atom attached to a benzene ring.

2. **Nitration Reaction**: To introduce a nitro group (NO2) into the chlorobenzene, we will perform a nitration reaction. This requires a mixture of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) and concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4).

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