A patient was complaining of frequent urination, excessive thirst, hunger and tiredness. His fasting glucose level was found higher than `130 mg//dl` on two occasions.
(i) Name the disease, (ii) Give the root cause of this disease and (iii) Explain why the glucose level is higher than `130 mg//dl`.

Explain the following question (based on ionisation energy): (a) Why IE_(1) of N is higher than that of O atom ? (b) Why IE_(1) of Mg is higher than that of Al atom? (c ) Why IE_(1) of C is greater than that of B atom whereas IE_(2) is reverse ? (d) In general, IE increases along the period (rarr) . Explain why the IE_(2) of Cr is higher than that of Mn (Manganese)? (e) The IE_(1) and IE_(2) of K are 420 and 3050 kJ mol^(-1) respectively and those of Ca are 560 and 1140 kJ mol^(-1) respectively. Compare their values and comment on the differences. (f) The IE of Li , Be and C are 5.5, 9.3 and 11.3 eV . What would be the case and explain. i. K, Ca,Se , ii. N,O,F iii. K^(o+), Ar,Cl^(ɵ) , iv Fe, Fe^(2+), Fe^(3+) v. C,N,O , vi. Cu,Ag,Au vii. K, Rb, Cs , viii Be, B, C ix. Na, Mg, Al (h) Explain why Fe^(2+) is more easily oxidised to Fe^(3+) than Mn^(2+) to Mn^(3+) . (i) Explain whether IE_(1) of two isotopes of same element would be same or different. (j) What are the factors on which IE of main group elements tends to decrease douwn the group (darr) .

READ THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE CAREFULLY: 1. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF DIABETES, INSULIN DEPENDENT, AND NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT. 90-95% OF THE ESTIMATED 13-14 MILLION PEOPLE IN THE UNITED STATES WITH DIABETES HAVE NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT, OR TYPE II DIABETES. BECAUSE THIS TYPE OF DIABETES USUALLY BEGINS IN ADULTS OVER THE AGE OF 40 AND IS MOST COMMON AFTER THE AGE OF 55, IT USED TO BE CALLED ADULT-ONSET DIABETES, ITS SYMPTOMS OFTEN DEVELOP GRADUALLY AND ARE HARD TO IDENTIFY AT FIRST, THEREFORE NEARLY HALF OF ALL THE PEOPLE WITH DIABETES DO NOT KNOW IT. SO, SOMEONE WHO HAS DEVELOPED TYPE II DIABETES MAY FEEL TIRED OR ILL WITHOUT KNOWING WHY. THIS CAN BE PARTICULARLY DANGEROUS BECAUSE UNTREATED DIABETES CAN CAUSE DAMAGE TO THE HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, EYES, KIDNEYS, AND NERVES. WHILE THE CAUSES, SHORT-TERM EFFECTS, AND TREATMENTS OF THE TWO TYPES OF DIABETES DIFFER, BOTH TYPES CAN CAUSE LONG-TERM HEALTH PROBLEMS. 2. MOST IMPORTANTLY, BOTH TYPES AFFECT THE BODY’S ABILITY TO USE DIGESTED FOOD FOR ENERGY. DIABETES DOES NOT INTERFERE WITH DIGESTION, BUT IT DOES PREVENT THE BODY FROM USING AN IMPORTANT PRODUCT OF DIGESTION, GLUCOSE, FOR ENERGY. AFTER A MEAL, THE NORMAL DIGESTIVE SYSTEM BREAKS SOME FOOD DOWN INTO GLUCOSE. THE BLOOD CARRIES THE GLUCOSE OR SUGAR THROUGHOUT THE BODY, CAUSING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS TO RISE. IN RESPONSE TO THIS, INSULIN IS RELEASED INTO THE BLOODSTREAM AND SIGNALS THE BODY TISSUES TO METABOLIZE OR BURN THE GLUCOSE FOR FUEL, WHICH CAUSES BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS TO RETURN TO NORMAL. THE GLUCOSE THAT THE BODY DOES NOT USE IS STORED IN THE LIVER, MUSCLE OR FAT. 3. IN BOTH TYPES OF DIABETES, THE NORMAL FUNCTION OF GLANDS IS AFFECTED. A GLAND CALLED PANCREAS MAKES INSULIN. IN PEOPLE WITH INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES, THE PANCREAS DOES NOT PRODUCE INSULIN AT ALL. PEOPLE WITH NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES USUALLY PRODUCE SOME INSULIN IN THEIR PANCREAS, BUT THEIR BODY TISSUES DO NOT METABOLIZE THE GLUCOSE PROPERTY, A CONDITION KNOWN AS INSULIN RESISTANCE. 4. THERE’S NO CURE FOR DIABETES YET. HOWEVER, THERE ARE WAYS TO GET RELIEF FROM ITS SYMPTOMS. FOODS THAT ARE RICH IN CARBOHYDRATES BREAK DOWN INTO GLUCOSE DURING DIGESTION, CAUSING BLOOD GLUCOSE TO RISE. ALSO, STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT COOKED FOODS RAISE BLOOD GLUCOSE HIGHER THAN RAW, UNPEELED FOODS. SO WE SHOULD EAT SUCH UNCOOKED WHOLE GRAIN FOODS. ON THE BASIS OF YOUR READING OF THE ABOVE PASSAGE, MAKE NOTES ON IT USING HEADINGS AND SUB-HEADINGS. USE RECOGNIZABLE ABBREVIATIONS WHEREVER NECESSARY (MINIMUM FOUR).

READ THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE CAREFULLY: 1. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF DIABETES, INSULIN DEPENDENT, AND NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT. 90-95% OF THE ESTIMATED 13-14 MILLION PEOPLE IN THE UNITED STATES WITH DIABETES HAVE NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT, OR TYPE II DIABETES. BECAUSE THIS TYPE OF DIABETES USUALLY BEGINS IN ADULTS OVER THE AGE OF 40 AND IS MOST COMMON AFTER THE AGE OF 55, IT USED TO BE CALLED ADULT-ONSET DIABETES, ITS SYMPTOMS OFTEN DEVELOP GRADUALLY AND ARE HARD TO IDENTIFY AT FIRST, THEREFORE NEARLY HALF OF ALL THE PEOPLE WITH DIABETES DO NOT KNOW IT. SO, SOMEONE WHO HAS DEVELOPED TYPE II DIABETES MAY FEEL TIRED OR ILL WITHOUT KNOWING WHY. THIS CAN BE PARTICULARLY DANGEROUS BECAUSE UNTREATED DIABETES CAN CAUSE DAMAGE TO THE HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, EYES, KIDNEYS, AND NERVES. WHILE THE CAUSES, SHORT-TERM EFFECTS, AND TREATMENTS OF THE TWO TYPES OF DIABETES DIFFER, BOTH TYPES CAN CAUSE LONG-TERM HEALTH PROBLEMS. 2. MOST IMPORTANTLY, BOTH TYPES AFFECT THE BODY’S ABILITY TO USE DIGESTED FOOD FOR ENERGY. DIABETES DOES NOT INTERFERE WITH DIGESTION, BUT IT DOES PREVENT THE BODY FROM USING AN IMPORTANT PRODUCT OF DIGESTION, GLUCOSE, FOR ENERGY. AFTER A MEAL, THE NORMAL DIGESTIVE SYSTEM BREAKS SOME FOOD DOWN INTO GLUCOSE. THE BLOOD CARRIES THE GLUCOSE OR SUGAR THROUGHOUT THE BODY, CAUSING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS TO RISE. IN RESPONSE TO THIS, INSULIN IS RELEASED INTO THE BLOODSTREAM AND SIGNALS THE BODY TISSUES TO METABOLIZE OR BURN THE GLUCOSE FOR FUEL, WHICH CAUSES BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS TO RETURN TO NORMAL. THE GLUCOSE THAT THE BODY DOES NOT USE IS STORED IN THE LIVER, MUSCLE OR FAT. 3. IN BOTH TYPES OF DIABETES, THE NORMAL FUNCTION OF GLANDS IS AFFECTED. A GLAND CALLED PANCREAS MAKES INSULIN. IN PEOPLE WITH INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES, THE PANCREAS DOES NOT PRODUCE INSULIN AT ALL. PEOPLE WITH NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES USUALLY PRODUCE SOME INSULIN IN THEIR PANCREAS, BUT THEIR BODY TISSUES DO NOT METABOLIZE THE GLUCOSE PROPERTY, A CONDITION KNOWN AS INSULIN RESISTANCE. 4. THERE’S NO CURE FOR DIABETES YET. HOWEVER, THERE ARE WAYS TO GET RELIEF FROM ITS SYMPTOMS. FOODS THAT ARE RICH IN CARBOHYDRATES BREAK DOWN INTO GLUCOSE DURING DIGESTION, CAUSING BLOOD GLUCOSE TO RISE. ALSO, STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT COOKED FOODS RAISE BLOOD GLUCOSE HIGHER THAN RAW, UNPEELED FOODS. SO WE SHOULD EAT SUCH UNCOOKED WHOLE GRAIN FOODS. ON THE BASIS OF YOUR READING OF THE ABOVE PASSAGE, MAKE NOTES ON IT USING HEADINGS AND SUB-HEADINGS. USE RECOGNIZABLE ABBREVIATIONS WHEREVER NECESSARY (MINIMUM FOUR).