Halogen have

Options

A. High ionisation energies
B. high electronegativity
C. High electro affinities
D. All of above

Answer

To answer the question "Halogens have," we need to analyze the properties of halogens, which include their ionization energy, electronegativity, and electron affinity. Let's break this down step by step:

### Step 1: Understanding Halogens
Halogens are a group of elements in Group 17 of the periodic table, which includes fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I). They have the general electronic configuration of ns²np⁵, where 'n' represents the principal quantum number.

**Hint:** Remember the group number and electronic configuration of halogens to understand their properties.

### Step 2: Ionization Energy
Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an isolated gaseous atom. For halogens, this energy is high because they have a strong attraction between the nucleus and the outermost electrons. For example, fluorine has a very high ionization energy due to its small atomic size and high effective nuclear charge.

**Hint:** Consider the atomic structure and the strength of the attraction between the nucleus and the outermost electrons when thinking about ionization energy.

### Step 3: Electronegativity
Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract shared electrons in a chemical bond. Halogens are highly electronegative because they need only one more electron to complete their octet (ns²np⁶). This makes them very effective at attracting electrons from other atoms when forming bonds.

**Hint:** Recall that the smaller the atomic radius and the higher the nuclear charge, the greater the electronegativity.

### Step 4: Electron Affinity
Electron affinity is the energy change that occurs when an electron is added to a neutral atom in the gaseous state to form a negative ion. Halogens have high electron affinity because they readily accept an electron to achieve a stable octet configuration. For instance, when fluorine gains an electron, it releases energy, indicating a high electron affinity.

**Hint:** Think about the stability achieved by gaining an electron and how that relates to the energy change involved.

### Conclusion
Based on the analysis of ionization energy, electronegativity, and electron affinity, we conclude that halogens possess all of these properties at high levels. Therefore, the correct answer to the question "Halogens have" is:

**Answer:** All of the above (high ionization energy, high electronegativity, high electron affinity).