Explain co-evolution with reference to parasites and their hosts. Mention any four special adaptive features evolved in parasites for their parasitic· mode of life.

List any two adaptive features evolved in parasites enabling them to live successfully on their hosts .

(a) Write how parasites have evolved with adaptation to coexist with their hosts in an ecosystem. (b) Parasites are host specific and tend to co-evolve. How would the parasite respond if the host evolves a certain mechanism to resist or reject the parasite ?

What is a parasite? Write special adaptations according to their life style.

While living in and on the host species, the animal parasite has evolved certain adaptations. Describe these adaptations with examples.

Explain Parasitism and co. evolution with the help of one example of each.

Read the following statements and select the correct option. Statement 1: Brood parasitism in birds is an example of parasitism in which the parasitic bird lays its eggs in the nest of its host and the host incubates them. Statement : During the course of evolution, the eggs of the parasite bird have evolved to resemble the host's eggs in size and colour to reduce the chances of the host bird detecting the foreign eggs and removing them from the nest.

Many parasites have evolved to be …….A……in such a way that both host and the parasite tend to ……….B…….that is if host evolves special mechanisms for rejecting or resisting the parasists the parasite have to evelve mechanisms to ……..C…… and neutralise them , in order to be successful with the same host species Choose the correct option for A ,B and C

What is the importance of railways as a mode of land transport? Explain any four main features of the railway network in Europe.

(a) State what happens in the human body when malarial parasites infected RBCs burst to release the parasites in the blood. (b) Mention the specific sites in the host body where production of (i) sporozoites and (ii) gametocytes take place in the life cycle of the malarial parasites.