How is proton gradient established ?

What do you understand by potential gradient ? Establish a relation between electric field and potential gradient.

Breakdown of proton gradient leads to release of ……………….

Breakdown of proton gradient leads to release of________.

(a) NADP reductase enzymes is located on …….. (b) Breakdown of proton gradient leads to release of …….

(a) NADP reductase enzymes is located on …….. (b) Breakdown of proton gradient leads to release of …….