Why and how bacteria can be made 'competent' ?

Name a method by which a bacterial cell can be made competent for transformation.

Why is it difficult for DNA to pass through cell membrane ? How the bacterial cells can be made competent to take up DNA ?

In order to induce the bacterial uptake of plasmids, the bacteria are made 'competent' by first treating with :

(i) Describe the characteristics that a cloning vector must posses. (ii) why DNA can not pass through the cell membrane ? Explain. How is a bacterial cell made 'competent' to take up recombinant DNA from the medium ?

Why DNA cannot pass through the cell membrane? Explain. How is a bacterial cell made 'competent' to take up recombnant DNA from the medium?

(a) Why should a bacterium be made 'competent? (b) Explain the role of 'microinjection' and 'gene gun' in biotechnology .

Bacteria are made up of

How can bacterial cell be made competent to take up DNA?

In order to induce the bacterial uptake of plasmids, the bacteria are made competent by treating them with