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Explain this common observation clearly : If you look out of the window of a fast moving train, the nearby tress, houses etc. seem to move rapidly in a direction opposite to the train's motion, but the distant objects (hill tops, the Moon, the starts etc.) seem to be stationary. (In fact, since you are aware that you are moving, these distant objects seem to move with you).

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Near objects make greater angle than distant (far off) objects at the eye of the observer . When you are moving, the angular change is less for distant objects than nearer objects. So, these distant objects seem to move along with you, but the nearer objects in opposite direction.
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When an observer is standing on earth, the trees and houses appear stationary to him . However , when he is sitting in a moving train, all these objects appear to move in backward direction. Why ?

Take a small stone. Hold it in your hand. We know that the force gravity due to the earth acts on each and every object. When we were holding the stone in our hand, the stone was experiencing this force, but it was balanced by a force that we were applying on it in the opposite direction. As a result, the stone remained at rest. Once we release the stone from our hands the only force that acts on it is the gravitational force of the earth and the stone falls down under its influence. Whenever an object moves under the influence of the force of gravity alone, it is said to be falling freely. Thus the released stone is in a free fall. In free fall, the initial velocity of the object is zero and goes on increasing due to acceleration due to gravity of the earth. During free fall, the frictional force due to air opposes the motion of the object and a buoyant force also acts on the object. Thus, true free fall is possible only in vacuum. For a freely falling object, the velocity on reaching the earth and the time taken for it can be calculated by using Newton's equations of motion. For free fall the initial velocity u=0 and the acceleration a=g . Thus, we can write the equations as v="gt",s=1/2"gt"^(2),v^(2)=2gs For calculating the motion of an object thrown upwards, acceleration is negative, i.e. in a direction opposite to the velocity and is taken to be -g. The magnitude of g is the same but the velocity of the object decreases due to -ve acceleration. The moon and the artificial satellites are moving only under the influence of the gravitational field of the earth. Thus they are in free fall. Which force acts on the stone in free fall after you release it?

Answer the following questions regarding earth's magnetism. a. A vector needs three quantities conventionally used to specify the earth's magnetic field. b. The angle of dip at a location in southern India is about 18^@ . Would you expect a greater or smaller dip angle in Britain ? c. If you made a map of magnetic field lines at Melboune in Australia, would the lines seem to go into the groung or come out of the ground ? d. In which direction would a compass free to move in the vertical plane point to , if located right on the geomagnetic north or south pole ? e. the earth' s field, it is claimed roughly approximates the field due to a dipole of magnetic moment 8 xx10^(22)JT^(-1) located at its centre. Check the order of magnitude of this number in some way. f. Geologists claim that besides the main magnetic N - S poles, there are several local poles on the earth's surface oriented in different directions. How is such a thing possible at all ?

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