A company got its Certificate in Incorporation on 20th August , 2019 and on the certificate the date was written as 10th August , 2019 . The company allotted some shares on 18th August . Is the allotment valid or not ? Give reason in support your answer .

A Ltd., was issued Certificate of Incorporation by the Registrar on 10th February 2018 . However , the date mentioned on the Certificate was 1st February 2018 . The company entered into a contract for purchase of land with B Ltd., on 5th February 2018 . Now B Ltd. is not interested to sell the land as it is getting a higher price from another buyer . Can A Ltd. file a case against B Ltd . ? Give reasons in support of your answer .

XYZ Ltd., took a loan of ₹ 50 lakh from a bank for its growth and expansion plans . The company was unable to repay the loan amount because of heavy losses incurred in the business on a continuous basis . The management of the company asked its shareholders to contribute towards repayment of the loan . But the shareholders refused as they had already paid the full amount due on their shares . The bank filled a case against XYZ Ltd. in the court . The court held that the shareholders of the company were not liable to repay the loan as they had not unpaid amount on shares . (a) Is the court's decision justified ? Give reason in support of your answer . (b) Which characteristic of the company form of organisation protected the shareholders ? Explain .

Yamuna Ltd., invited general public to subscribe for its public issue of ₹ 10 crore (10 lakh shares of ₹ 100 each ) through issue of prospectus . However , the company received applications for 8 lakh shares . Can the company proceed with allotment of shares ? Give reasons in support of your answer .