Source of protons within the chloroplasts is

The chloroplasts are

In terms of the spatial organization of photosynthesis within the chloroplast, what is the advantage of light reactions producing ATP and NADPH_(2) on the stromal side of the thylakoid membrane?

Chloroplast lacks

According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis of ATP formation in the chloroplast, which one does not contribute to the development of proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane?

According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis of ATP formation in the chloroplast, which one does not contribute to the development of proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane?