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Explain how does the (---OH) group attac...

Explain how does the `(---OH)` group attached to a carbon of benzene ring activate it towards electophililc substitution.

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Phenol may be regarded as a hybrid of structures I-V, show below.

As a result of +R effect of the -OH group, the electron density in the benzene ring increases thereby facilitating the attack of an electrophile. In other words, presence of - OH group, activates the benzene ring towards electrophilic substitution reactions. Further, since the electron density is relatively higher at the two O-and one p- position, therefore electrophilic substitution occurs mainly at O-and p-positions.
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The typical reaction of benzene and other aromatic compounds are electrophilic substitution. Presence of electron donating group activates the ring towards electrophilic substitution, while presence of electron withdrawing group deactivates the ring towards electrophilic substituion but at the same time activates the ring towards nucleophilic subsituion. Some groups are predominantly meta-directing and all of these are deactivating. Except halogen, most of the o- and p- directing groups are activating groups. underset(Delta)overset(C_(2)H_(5)Cl.AlCl_(3))rarr(A) major. A is trisubstituted benzene. The structure of A is :