What is the processes that creates proton gradient across thylakoid membrane ?

The creation of proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane is a result of

The creation of proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane is a result of

According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis of ATP formation in the chloroplast, which one does not contribute to the development of proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane?

Electron energy is used to drive protons against concentration gradient across thylakoid membrane into

Electron energy is used to drive protons against concentration gradient across thylakoid membrane into

Electron energy is used to drive protons against concentration gradient across thylakoid membrane into