Assertion: The proton gradient is broken down due to the movement of protons across the membrane to stroma through the transmembrane channerl of the `F_(0)` of the ATPase.
Reason: The breakdonw of proton gradient leads to release of energy.

Breakdown of proton gradient leads to release of ……………….

Breakdown of proton gradient leads to release of________.

Assertion: Chemiosmosis require a membrane, a proton pump, a proton gradient and ATPase. Reason: The proton gradient is broken down due to movement of proton across the membrane to the lumen through the transmembrane channel of the F_(0) of the ATPase.

(a) NADP reductase enzymes is located on …….. (b) Breakdown of proton gradient leads to release of …….

(a) NADP reductase enzymes is located on …….. (b) Breakdown of proton gradient leads to release of …….

The creation of proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane is a result of