List three different categories of contraception methods.
(b) Why has Government of India prohibited prenatal sex determination by law ? State its benefits in the long run.
(c) Unsafe sexual act can lead to various infections. Name two bacterial and two viral infections caused due to unsafe sex.

Explanation

(i) Barrier method - Where physical barriers like condoms (worn over penis), diaphragm (used by females), cervical cap and copper-T (an IUCD) are used.
(ii) Chemical method - Spermicidal applications by women, vaginal pills or oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are used. OCPs are hormonal preparations which alter the hormonal level in female body. Use of OCPs is not meant for males.
(iii) Surgical method – Portion of vas deferens in male (vasectomy) or portion of fallopian tube in females (tubectomy) is cut or ligated. This stops release of gametes, preventing fertilisation.
(b) Selective Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) of female foetus using amniocentesis is the main reason behind decline female-male sex ratio in our country. This is because many sections of our society considered girl child as a burden. That is why Government of India prohibited prenatal sex determination by law.
Its benefits in the long run:
• Generating awareness about girls being equal helping hands in the family income.
• Banning prenatal sex determination tests.
• Banning certain ill practices in our society like dowry system.
(c) Bacterial diseases transmitted through sexual contact :
(i) Gonorrhoea (ii) Syphilis
Viral diseases : (i) Warts (ii) HIV-AIDS