Bark includes

Options

A. Periderm + Secondary pholem
B. Periderm + primary xylem
C. Secondary phloem + xylem
D. Secondary xylem + Cork cambium

Answer

To answer the question "Bark includes," we need to break down the components of bark in flowering plants.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Bark**: Bark is the outermost layer of the stems and roots of woody plants. It serves as a protective layer for the plant.

2. **Components of Bark**: Bark is primarily composed of two main parts:
- **Outer Bark (Cork)**: This is the protective outer layer that helps prevent water loss and protects against pests and diseases.
- **Inner Bark (Phloem)**: This layer is responsible for transporting nutrients (specifically sugars produced by photosynthesis) throughout the plant.

3. **Periderm**: The periderm is a part of the bark that replaces the epidermis in woody plants. It consists of:
- **Cork (Phellem)**: The outermost layer of the periderm.
- **Cork Cambium (Phellogen)**: The layer that produces cork cells.
- **Phelloderm**: The inner layer of the periderm, which is less commonly mentioned.

4. **Secondary Growth**: In addition to the periderm, bark also includes secondary phloem, which is formed as the plant undergoes secondary growth. This is produced by the vascular cambium.

5. **Final Composition**: Therefore, bark includes:
- Periderm (cork, cork cambium, and phelloderm)
- Secondary phloem

### Conclusion:
Bark includes the periderm and secondary phloem.