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[A] : Blood plasma is the slightly alka...

[A] : Blood plasma is the slightly alkaline, liv- ing intercellular matrix or ground fluid consti- tuting about 40-45% part of the blood.
[R]: Blood plasma does not have a balanced quantity of salt ions for proper functioning of nervous system, muscles and other tissues

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[A] : Blood plasma is the slightly alkaline, living intercellular matrix or ground fluid constituting about 40-45% part of the blood. [R]: Blood plasma does not have a balanced quantity of salt ions for proper functioning of nervous system, muscles and other tissues

The figure given below represents the female reproductive system of a mammal. Parts indicated by the guidelines A to D are as follows: (A) Uterus (B) Fallopian tube (oviduct) (C) Ovary (D) Vagina (a) Give appropriate terms for each of the following: (i) The onset of reproductive phase in a young female. (ii) Rupture of follicle and release of ovum from the ovary (iii) Monthly discharge of blood and disintegrated tissues in human female. (iv) Process of fusion of ovum and sperm. (v) Fixing of developing zygote on the uterine wall. (vi) The permanent stoppage of menstruation at about the age of 45 years in a female. (b) State the functions of the (0) Placenta (ii) Amniotic fluid. [ICSE 2004, 2015] (c) Using the symbol "X' indicates the region in the diagram where fertilisation occurs.[ICSE 2004)

Human blood has a narrow Ph range of 7.3-7.4 , which must be maintained for methabolic processes to function properly. To keep the Ph in this range requires a delicate balance between the concentration of the conjugate acid-base pairs making upto the buffer system. The main buffer is a carbonic acid/ hydrogencarbonate system, which involves the following three equilibria. CO_(2)(g)hArrCO_(2)(aq) CO_(2)(aq)+H_(2)O(l)hArrH_(2)CO_(3)(aq) H_(2)CO(aq)+H_(2)O(l)hArrHCO_(3)^(-)(aq)+H_(3)O^(+)(aq) Carbonic acid (H_(2)CO_(3)) is a weak acid and HCO_(3)^(-) (aq) is its conjugate base. At the temperature of the human body, the pK_(a) for carbonic acid is 6.4 However, the normal concentration of CO_(2)(g) in the lungs maintanis a ratio of HCO_(3)^(-)(aq)//H_(2)CO_(3)(aq) in blood plasma of about 8:1 . The carbonic acid concentration in the bloos is largely controlled by breathing and respiration. Hydrogencarbonate ion concentration is largely controlled by excreation in urine. If blood pH rises above 7.4 , a potentially life-threatening conditon called alkalosis can result. This can happen in patients who are hyperventilating from severse anxiety, or in climbers suffereing from oxygen deficency at high altitude. (Given: log 2=0.3) Calculate pH of blood at the temperature of the human body.

Human blood has a narrow Ph range of 7.3-7.4 , which must be maintained for methabolic processes to function properly. To keep the Ph in this range requires a delicate balance between the concentration of the conjugate acid-base pairs making upto the buffer system. The main buffer is a carbonic acid/ hydrogencarbonate system, which involves the following three equilibria. CO_(2)(g)hArrCO_(2)(aq) CO_(2)(aq)+H_(2)O(l)hArrH_(2)CO_(3)(aq) H_(2)CO(aq)+H_(2)O(l)hArrHCO_(3)^(-)(aq)+H_(3)O^(+)(aq) Carbonic acid (H_(2)CO_(3)) is a weak acid and HCO_(3)^(-) (aq) is its conjugate base. At the temperature of the human body, the pK_(a) for carbonic acid is 6.4 However, the normal concentration of CO_(2)(g) in the lungs maintanis a ratio of HCO_(3)^(-)(aq)//H_(2)CO_(3)(aq) in blood plasma of about 8:1 . The carbonic acid concentration in the bloos is largely controlled by breathing and respiration. Hydrogencarbonate ion concentration is largely controlled by excreation in urine. If blood pH rises above 7.4 , a potentially life-threatening conditon called alkalosis can result. This can happen in patients who are hyperventilating from severse anxiety, or in climbers suffereing from oxygen deficency at high altitude. (Given: log 2=0.3) Calculate the maximum permissible value of ([H_(2)CO_(3)])/([HCO_(3)^(-)]) in the human blood to just prevent alkalosis.

Human blood has a narrow Ph range of 7.3-7.4 , which must be maintained for methabolic processes to function properly. To keep the Ph in this range requires a delicate balance between the concentration of the conjugate acid-base pairs making upto the buffer system. The main buffer is a carbonic acid/ hydrogencarbonate system, which involves the following three equilibria. CO_(2)(g)hArrCO_(2)(aq) CO_(2)(aq)+H_(2)O(l)hArrH_(2)CO_(3)(aq) H_(2)CO(aq)+H_(2)O(l)hArrHCO_(3)^(-)(aq)+H_(3)O^(+)(aq) Carbonic acid (H_(2)CO_(3)) is a weak acid and HCO_(3)^(-) (aq) is its conjugate base. At the temperature of the human body, the pK_(a) for carbonic acid is 6.4 However, the normal concentration of CO_(2)(g) in the lungs maintanis a ratio of HCO_(3)^(-)(aq)//H_(2)CO_(3)(aq) in blood plasma of about 8:1 . The carbonic acid concentration in the bloos is largely controlled by breathing and respiration. Hydrogencarbonate ion concentration is largely controlled by excreation in urine. If blood pH rises above 7.4 , a potentially life-threatening conditon called alkalosis can result. This can happen in patients who are hyperventilating from severse anxiety, or in climbers suffereing from oxygen deficency at high altitude. (Given: log 2=0.3) Select the correct option.

READ THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE CAREFULLY: 1. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF DIABETES, INSULIN DEPENDENT, AND NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT. 90-95% OF THE ESTIMATED 13-14 MILLION PEOPLE IN THE UNITED STATES WITH DIABETES HAVE NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT, OR TYPE II DIABETES. BECAUSE THIS TYPE OF DIABETES USUALLY BEGINS IN ADULTS OVER THE AGE OF 40 AND IS MOST COMMON AFTER THE AGE OF 55, IT USED TO BE CALLED ADULT-ONSET DIABETES, ITS SYMPTOMS OFTEN DEVELOP GRADUALLY AND ARE HARD TO IDENTIFY AT FIRST, THEREFORE NEARLY HALF OF ALL THE PEOPLE WITH DIABETES DO NOT KNOW IT. SO, SOMEONE WHO HAS DEVELOPED TYPE II DIABETES MAY FEEL TIRED OR ILL WITHOUT KNOWING WHY. THIS CAN BE PARTICULARLY DANGEROUS BECAUSE UNTREATED DIABETES CAN CAUSE DAMAGE TO THE HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, EYES, KIDNEYS, AND NERVES. WHILE THE CAUSES, SHORT-TERM EFFECTS, AND TREATMENTS OF THE TWO TYPES OF DIABETES DIFFER, BOTH TYPES CAN CAUSE LONG-TERM HEALTH PROBLEMS. 2. MOST IMPORTANTLY, BOTH TYPES AFFECT THE BODY’S ABILITY TO USE DIGESTED FOOD FOR ENERGY. DIABETES DOES NOT INTERFERE WITH DIGESTION, BUT IT DOES PREVENT THE BODY FROM USING AN IMPORTANT PRODUCT OF DIGESTION, GLUCOSE, FOR ENERGY. AFTER A MEAL, THE NORMAL DIGESTIVE SYSTEM BREAKS SOME FOOD DOWN INTO GLUCOSE. THE BLOOD CARRIES THE GLUCOSE OR SUGAR THROUGHOUT THE BODY, CAUSING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS TO RISE. IN RESPONSE TO THIS, INSULIN IS RELEASED INTO THE BLOODSTREAM AND SIGNALS THE BODY TISSUES TO METABOLIZE OR BURN THE GLUCOSE FOR FUEL, WHICH CAUSES BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS TO RETURN TO NORMAL. THE GLUCOSE THAT THE BODY DOES NOT USE IS STORED IN THE LIVER, MUSCLE OR FAT. 3. IN BOTH TYPES OF DIABETES, THE NORMAL FUNCTION OF GLANDS IS AFFECTED. A GLAND CALLED PANCREAS MAKES INSULIN. IN PEOPLE WITH INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES, THE PANCREAS DOES NOT PRODUCE INSULIN AT ALL. PEOPLE WITH NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES USUALLY PRODUCE SOME INSULIN IN THEIR PANCREAS, BUT THEIR BODY TISSUES DO NOT METABOLIZE THE GLUCOSE PROPERTY, A CONDITION KNOWN AS INSULIN RESISTANCE. 4. THERE’S NO CURE FOR DIABETES YET. HOWEVER, THERE ARE WAYS TO GET RELIEF FROM ITS SYMPTOMS. FOODS THAT ARE RICH IN CARBOHYDRATES BREAK DOWN INTO GLUCOSE DURING DIGESTION, CAUSING BLOOD GLUCOSE TO RISE. ALSO, STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT COOKED FOODS RAISE BLOOD GLUCOSE HIGHER THAN RAW, UNPEELED FOODS. SO WE SHOULD EAT SUCH UNCOOKED WHOLE GRAIN FOODS. ON THE BASIS OF YOUR READING OF THE ABOVE PASSAGE, MAKE NOTES ON IT USING HEADINGS AND SUB-HEADINGS. USE RECOGNIZABLE ABBREVIATIONS WHEREVER NECESSARY (MINIMUM FOUR).

READ THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE CAREFULLY: 1. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF DIABETES, INSULIN DEPENDENT, AND NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT. 90-95% OF THE ESTIMATED 13-14 MILLION PEOPLE IN THE UNITED STATES WITH DIABETES HAVE NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT, OR TYPE II DIABETES. BECAUSE THIS TYPE OF DIABETES USUALLY BEGINS IN ADULTS OVER THE AGE OF 40 AND IS MOST COMMON AFTER THE AGE OF 55, IT USED TO BE CALLED ADULT-ONSET DIABETES, ITS SYMPTOMS OFTEN DEVELOP GRADUALLY AND ARE HARD TO IDENTIFY AT FIRST, THEREFORE NEARLY HALF OF ALL THE PEOPLE WITH DIABETES DO NOT KNOW IT. SO, SOMEONE WHO HAS DEVELOPED TYPE II DIABETES MAY FEEL TIRED OR ILL WITHOUT KNOWING WHY. THIS CAN BE PARTICULARLY DANGEROUS BECAUSE UNTREATED DIABETES CAN CAUSE DAMAGE TO THE HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, EYES, KIDNEYS, AND NERVES. WHILE THE CAUSES, SHORT-TERM EFFECTS, AND TREATMENTS OF THE TWO TYPES OF DIABETES DIFFER, BOTH TYPES CAN CAUSE LONG-TERM HEALTH PROBLEMS. 2. MOST IMPORTANTLY, BOTH TYPES AFFECT THE BODY’S ABILITY TO USE DIGESTED FOOD FOR ENERGY. DIABETES DOES NOT INTERFERE WITH DIGESTION, BUT IT DOES PREVENT THE BODY FROM USING AN IMPORTANT PRODUCT OF DIGESTION, GLUCOSE, FOR ENERGY. AFTER A MEAL, THE NORMAL DIGESTIVE SYSTEM BREAKS SOME FOOD DOWN INTO GLUCOSE. THE BLOOD CARRIES THE GLUCOSE OR SUGAR THROUGHOUT THE BODY, CAUSING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS TO RISE. IN RESPONSE TO THIS, INSULIN IS RELEASED INTO THE BLOODSTREAM AND SIGNALS THE BODY TISSUES TO METABOLIZE OR BURN THE GLUCOSE FOR FUEL, WHICH CAUSES BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS TO RETURN TO NORMAL. THE GLUCOSE THAT THE BODY DOES NOT USE IS STORED IN THE LIVER, MUSCLE OR FAT. 3. IN BOTH TYPES OF DIABETES, THE NORMAL FUNCTION OF GLANDS IS AFFECTED. A GLAND CALLED PANCREAS MAKES INSULIN. IN PEOPLE WITH INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES, THE PANCREAS DOES NOT PRODUCE INSULIN AT ALL. PEOPLE WITH NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES USUALLY PRODUCE SOME INSULIN IN THEIR PANCREAS, BUT THEIR BODY TISSUES DO NOT METABOLIZE THE GLUCOSE PROPERTY, A CONDITION KNOWN AS INSULIN RESISTANCE. 4. THERE’S NO CURE FOR DIABETES YET. HOWEVER, THERE ARE WAYS TO GET RELIEF FROM ITS SYMPTOMS. FOODS THAT ARE RICH IN CARBOHYDRATES BREAK DOWN INTO GLUCOSE DURING DIGESTION, CAUSING BLOOD GLUCOSE TO RISE. ALSO, STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT COOKED FOODS RAISE BLOOD GLUCOSE HIGHER THAN RAW, UNPEELED FOODS. SO WE SHOULD EAT SUCH UNCOOKED WHOLE GRAIN FOODS. ON THE BASIS OF YOUR READING OF THE ABOVE PASSAGE, MAKE NOTES ON IT USING HEADINGS AND SUB-HEADINGS. USE RECOGNIZABLE ABBREVIATIONS WHEREVER NECESSARY (MINIMUM FOUR).