The electron -withdrawing group from the following is _______.

Identify electron - withdrawing groups in resonance among the following :

Assertion : p-nitroaniline is stronger base than p-toluidine . The electron withdrawing NO_(2) group in the p-nitroaniline makes it a stronger base .

Assertion : p-nitroaniline is stronger base than p-toluidine . Reason: The electron withdrawing NO_(2) group in the p-nitroaniline makes it a stronger base .

What is the effect of electron withdrawing group on the acidity of carboxylic acid ?

All aliphatic amines are more basic than ammonia but due to delocalization of lone pair of electrons of the nitrogen atom on the benzene ring, aniline is a weaker base than ammonia. The basic strength of the substituted anilines, however, depends upon the nature of the substituent. Whereas electron-donating groups tend to increase, electron-withdrawing groups tend to decrease the basic strength. The base strengthening effect of the electron-donating groups and base weakening effect of the electron-withdrawing groups is, however ,more pronounced at p-than at m-position. However, due to ortho effect, o-substituted anilines are weaker bases than anilines regardless of the nature of substituent whether electron-donating or electron-withdrawing. Arrange the following amines in decreasing order of their basic strength

Assertion (A) : Presence of a nitro group at ortho-or para- position increases reactivity of haloarenes towards nucleophilic substitution. Reason (R) : Nitro group, being an electron withdrawing group decreases the electron density over the bvenzene ring.

Assertion (A) Presence of a nitro group at ortho or para position increases the reactivity of haloarenas towards nucleophilic substitution. Reason (R ) Nitro group, being an electron withdrawing group decreases the electron density over the benzene ring.