The laws of reflection are true for

Options

A. the plane mirror only
B. the concave mirror only
C. the convex mirror only
D. all reflecting surfaces

Explanation

To answer the question "The laws of reflection are true for", we will analyze the options provided and determine the correct answer step by step.

### Step 1: Understand the Laws of Reflection
The laws of reflection state that:
1. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
2. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.

### Step 2: Identify the Types of Mirrors and Surfaces
The question mentions different types of mirrors and surfaces:
- Plane Mirror
- Concave Mirror
- Convex Mirror
- All Reflecting Surfaces

### Step 3: Analyze Each Option
1. **Plane Mirror**: The laws of reflection are indeed valid for a plane mirror. When light hits a plane mirror, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

2. **Concave Mirror**: The laws of reflection also hold true for concave mirrors. Light rays reflect off the curved surface following the same rules.

3. **Convex Mirror**: Similarly, convex mirrors obey the laws of reflection. The reflected rays diverge, but the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

4. **All Reflecting Surfaces**: The laws of reflection apply to all reflecting surfaces, not just mirrors. This includes irregular surfaces, as long as they reflect light.

### Step 4: Conclusion
Since the laws of reflection are valid for all types of mirrors (plane, concave, convex) and all reflecting surfaces, the correct answer is:
**The laws of reflection are true for all reflecting surfaces.**

### Final Answer
The laws of reflection are true for all reflecting surfaces.

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