Laws of reflection hold good in case of

Options

A. plane mirror only
B. convex mirror only
C. concave mirror only
D. all of the above

Answer

### Step-by-Step Text Solution:

1. **Understanding the Laws of Reflection**: The laws of reflection state that:
- The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.
- The angle of incidence (the angle between the incident ray and the normal) is equal to the angle of reflection (the angle between the reflected ray and the normal).

2. **Identifying the Cases**: We need to determine in which scenarios the laws of reflection are upheld. The cases typically considered are:
- Reflection from a plane mirror.
- Reflection from a curved mirror.
- Reflection from a rough surface (diffuse reflection).

3. **Analyzing Each Case**:
- **Plane Mirror**: In this case, the laws of reflection hold true. The incident ray, reflected ray, and normal all lie in the same plane, and the angles of incidence and reflection are equal.
- **Curved Mirror**: The laws of reflection also apply here. Although the surface is curved, at any point on the mirror, the incident ray, reflected ray, and normal still lie in the same plane, and the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
- **Rough Surface**: Even though the reflection is diffuse (scattered), the laws of reflection still hold true at each microscopic point on the surface. Each point acts like a tiny plane mirror, where the incident ray, reflected ray, and normal are in the same plane, and the angles are equal.

4. **Conclusion**: The laws of reflection are valid in all three cases: plane mirrors, curved mirrors, and rough surfaces. Therefore, the answer to the question is that the laws of reflection hold good in all these scenarios.