A concave lens always gives

Options

A. virtual image
B. erect image
C. diminished image
D. all the above

Answer

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding the Concave Lens**: A concave lens is a diverging lens that is thinner at the center than at the edges. It causes parallel rays of light to diverge as if they are coming from a focal point on the same side as the object.

2. **Ray Diagram**: To analyze the image formation by a concave lens, we can draw a ray diagram:
- Draw a concave lens and mark its optical center (O) and focal points (F) on both sides.
- Place an object (O) in front of the lens.

3. **Ray Tracing**:
- **First Ray**: Draw a ray parallel to the principal axis from the top of the object. After passing through the lens, this ray will diverge. Extend this ray backward to find where it appears to come from; this point is the virtual focus.
- **Second Ray**: Draw another ray that passes through the optical center of the lens. This ray will continue in a straight line without bending.

4. **Image Formation**: The two rays diverge, and when extended backward, they appear to meet at a point. This point represents the location of the image formed by the lens.

5. **Characteristics of the Image**:
- **Virtual**: The image is virtual because the rays do not actually converge; they only appear to diverge from a point.
- **Erect**: The image is erect (upright) relative to the object.
- **Diminished**: The image is smaller than the object.

6. **Conclusion**: Therefore, a concave lens always produces a virtual, erect, and diminished image regardless of the position of the object.

### Final Answer:
A concave lens always gives a virtual, erect, and diminished image.

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