For an electrophilic substitution reaction , the presence of a halogen atom in the benzene ring …..

Options

A. deactivates the ring by inductive effect
B. deactivates the ring by reasonance
C. increases the charge density at ortho and para position relative to meta position by resonance.
D. directs the incoming electrophile to meta position by increasing the charge density relative to ortho and para position.

Explanation

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding Electrophilic Substitution Reaction:**
- An electrophilic substitution reaction involves an electrophile (E⁺) reacting with a nucleophile (which is typically the benzene ring in this context). The electrophile is a positively charged species that seeks electrons.

2. **Effect of Halogen on Benzene Ring:**
- When a halogen atom (like Cl, Br, I, or F) is present in the benzene ring, it influences the reactivity of the ring in electrophilic substitution reactions.

3. **Inductive Effect:**
- Halogens are electronegative and exhibit a -I (inductive) effect, which means they withdraw electron density from the benzene ring. This withdrawal decreases the nucleophilicity of the ring, effectively deactivating it towards electrophilic substitution.

4. **Resonance Effect:**
- Halogens also exhibit a +M (mesomeric) effect, where they can donate electron density through resonance. The lone pairs on the halogen can participate in resonance, increasing electron density at the ortho and para positions of the benzene ring.

5. **Charge Density Distribution:**
- Due to the resonance effect, the charge density increases at the ortho and para positions compared to the meta position. This means that the ortho and para positions are more favorable for electrophilic attack.

6. **Directing Effect:**
- Despite the overall deactivation of the benzene ring due to the -I effect, the presence of the halogen directs incoming electrophiles to the ortho and para positions because of the increased charge density at these positions.

7. **Conclusion:**
- Therefore, the presence of a halogen atom in the benzene ring deactivates the ring by the inductive effect, increases charge density at the ortho and para positions due to resonance, and directs electrophiles to the ortho and para positions.

**Final Answer:**
- The halogen atom deactivates the benzene ring by the inductive effect, increases charge density at ortho and para positions, and directs electrophiles to these positions.

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