The concentration of bivalent lead ions in sample of polluted water that also contains nitrate ions is determined by adding solid sodium sulphate `(m=142)` to exacty `500mL` water. Calculate the molarity of lead ions if `0.355g` of solium sulphate was needed for complete precipitation of lead ions as sulphate.

The concentration of bivalent lead ions in a sample of polluted of polluted water that aslo contains nitrate ions is determined by adding solid sodium sulphate (M=142) to exactly 500mL water. Calculate the molarity of lead ions if 0.355g is sodium sulphate was nedded for complete precipitation of lead ions as sulphate.

A sample of sodium carbonate contains impurity of sodium sulphate. 1.25 g of this sample are dissolved in water and volume made up to 250 mL. 25 mL of this solution neutralise 20 mL of N/10 sulphuric acid. Calculate the percentage of sodium carbonate in the sample.

A solution which remains in equilibrium with undissolved solute , in contact , is said to be saturated . The concentration of a saturated solution at a given temperature is a called solubility . The product of concentration of ions in a saturated solution of an electrolyte at a given temperature is called solubility product (K_(sp)) . For the electrolyte A_(x),B_(y) with solubility S. The solubility product (K_(sp)) is given as K_(sp) = x^(x) xx y^(y) xx S^(x-y) . While calculating the solubility of a sparingly . soluable salt in the presence of some strong electrolyte containing a common ion , the common ion concentration is practically equal to that of strong electrolyte containing a common ion . the common ion soncentration is practically equal to that of strong electrolyte . If in a solution , the ionic product of an electroylte exceeds its K_(sp) value at a particular temperature , then precipitation occurs . If two or more electrolyte are presentt in the solution , then by the addition of some suitable reagent , precipitation generally occurs in increasing order of their k_(sp) values . Solubility of some sparingly soluable salts , is sometimes enhanced through complexation . While we are calculating the solubility of some sparingly or pH of an electrolyte , the nature of cation of anion should be checked carefully whether there ion (s) are capable of undergoing hydrolysis or not . If either or both of the ions are capable of undergoing hydrolysis , it should be taken into account in calculating the solubility . While calculating the pH of an amphiprotic species , it should be checked whether or not cation can undergo hydrolysis . Total a_(H^(-)) = sqrt(K_(a_(1)xxK_(a_(2)))) (if cation do not undergo hydrolysis ) a_(H^(+)) = sqrt(K_(a_(1))((K_(w))/(K_(b)) - K_(a_(2)))) (if cation also undergoes hydrolysis ) where symbols have usual meaning . Solubility of solids into liquids is a function of temperature alone but solubility of gases into liquids is a function of temperature as well as pressure . The effect of pressure on solubility of gases into liquids is governed by Henry's law . The solubility of PbSO_(4) in water is 0.0303 g/l at 25^(@)C , its solubility product at that temperature is

A solution which remains in equilibrium with undissolved solute , in contact , is said to be saturated . The concentration of a saturated solution at a given temperature is a called solubility . The product of concentration of ions in a saturated solution of an electrolyte at a given temperature is called solubility product (K_(sp)) . For the electrolyte A_(x),B_(y) with solubility S. The solubility product (K_(sp)) is given as K_(sp) = x^(x) xx y^(y) xx S^(x-y) . While calculating the solubility of a sparingly . soluable salt in the presence of some strong electrolyte containing a common ion , the common ion concentration is practically equal to that of strong electrolyte containing a common ion . the common ion soncentration is practically equal to that of strong electrolyte . If in a solution , the ionic product of an electroylte exceeds its K_(sp) value at a particular temperature , then precipitation occurs . If two or more electrolyte are presentt in the solution , then by the addition of some suitable reagent , precipitation generally occurs in increasing order of their k_(sp) values . Solubility of some sparingly soluable salts , is sometimes enhanced through complexation . While we are calculating the solubility of some sparingly or pH of an electrolyte , the nature of cation of anion should be checked carefully whether there ion (s) are capable of undergoing hydrolysis or not . If either or both of the ions are capable of undergoing hydrolysis , it should be taken into account in calculating the solubility . While calculating the pH of an amphiprotic species , it should be checked whether or not cation can undergo hydrolysis . Total a_(H^(-)) = sqrt(K_(a_(1)xxK_(a_(2)))) (if cation do not undergo hydrolysis ) a_(H^(+)) = sqrt(K_(a_(1))((K_(w))/(K_(b)) - K_(a_(2)))) (if cation also undergoes hydrolysis ) where symbols have usual meaning . Solubility of solids into liquids is a function of temperature alone but solubility of gases into liquids is a function of temperature as well as pressure . The effect of pressure on solubility of gases into liquids is governed by Henry's law . The solubility of BaSO_(4) in 0.1 M BaCl_(2) solution is (K_(sp) " of " BaSO_(4) = 1.5 xx 10^(-9))

On mixing 45.0 mL of 0.25 M lead nitrate solution with 25.0 mL of 0.10 M chromic sulphate solution, precipitation of lead sulphate takes place. How many moles of lead sulphate are formed? Also calculate the molar concentration of the species left behind solution. Assume the lead sulphate is completely insoluble.

A current of 1.40 ampere is passed through 500 mL of 0.180 M solution of zinc sulphate for 200 seconds. What will be the molarity of Zn^(2+) ions after deposition of zinc?

Salts A, B, C, D and E undergo reactions (i) to (v) respectively. Identify the anion present in these salts on the basis of these reactions. Tabulate your answers in the format given below: (i) When silver nitrate solution is added to a solution of A, a white precipitate, insoluble in dilute nitric acid, is formed. (ii) Addition of dilute hydrochloric acid to B produces a gas which turns lead acetate paper black. (iii) When a freshly prepared solution of ferrous sulphate is added to a solution of C and concentrated sulphuric acid is gently poured from the side of the test-tube, a brown ring is formed. (iv) When dilute sulphuric acid is added to D a gas is produced which turns acidified potassium dichromate solution from orange to green. (v) Addition of dilute hydrochloric acid to E produces an effervescence. The gas produced turns lime water milky but does not affect acidified potassium dichromate solution.

The colloidal particles are electrically charged as a indicated by their migration towards cathode or anode under the applied electric field. In a particular colloidal system, all particles carry either positive charge or negative charge. The electric charge on colloidal particles orginate in several ways. According to preferential adsorption theory, the freshly obtained precipitate particles adsorb ions from the dispersion medium, which are common to their lattice and acquire the charge of adsorbed ions. For example, For example, freshly obtained Fe(OH)_(3) precipitated is dispersed, by a little FeCl_(3) , into colloidal solution owing to the adsorption of Fe^(3+) ions in preference. Thus sol particles will be positively charged. In some cases the colloidal particles are aggregates of cations or anions having ampiphilic character. When the ions posses hydrophobic part (hydrocarbon end) as well as hydrophilic part (polar end group), they undergo association in aqueous solution to form particles having colloidal size. The formation of such particles, called micelles plays a very important role in the solubilization of water insoluble substances, (hydrocarbon, oils, fats, grease etc.). In micelles, the polar end groups are directed towards water and the hydrocarbon ends into the centre. The charge on sol particles of proteins depends on the pH. At low pH, the basic group of protein molecule is ionized (protonated) and at higher pH (alkaline medium), the acidic group is ionized. At isoelectric pH, characteristic to the protein, both basix and acidic groups are equally ionized. The stability of colloidal solution is attributed largely to the electric charge of the dispersed particles. This charge causes them to be coagulated or precipitated. On addition of small amount of electrolytes, the ions carrying oppiste charge are adsorbed by sol particles resulting in the neutralization of their charge. When the sol particles either with no charge or reduced charge, come closer due to Brownian movement, they coalesce to form bigger particles resulting in their separation from the dispersion medium. This is what is called coagulating or precipitation of the colloidal solution. The coagulating power of the effective ion, which depend on its charge, is expressed in terms of its coagulating value, defined as its minimum concentration (m mol/L) needed to precipitate a given sol. 100 ml each of two sols of AgI, one obtained by adding AgNO_(3) to slight excess of KI and another obtained by adding KI to slight excess of AgNO_(3) , are mixed together. Then :

Upon mixing 50.0 mL of 0.1 M lead nitrate solution with 50.0 mL of 0.05 M chromic sulphate solution, precipitation of lead sulphate takes place. How many moles of lead sulphate are formed and what is the molar concertration of chromic suplhate left in the solution?

When excess lead nitrate solution was added to a solution of sodium sulphate, 15.15 g of lead sulphate was precipitated. What mass of sodium sulphate was present in the original solution? Na_(2)SO_(4) +Pb(NO_(3))_(2) to PbSO_(4)+2NaNO_(3) (O=16,Na=23,S=32,Pb=207)