Formation of Bakelite follows :

Options

A. (a) Electrophilic substitution followed by condensation.
B. (b) Nucleophilic addition followed by dehydration.
C. (c) Electrophilic addition followed by dehydration.
D. (d) Hydration followed by condensation.

Explanation

To solve the question regarding the formation of Bakelite, we need to analyze the chemical processes involved in its synthesis. Bakelite is a type of thermosetting plastic that is formed through a series of chemical reactions involving phenol and formaldehyde.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Identify the Reactants**: The primary reactants in the formation of Bakelite are phenol and formaldehyde.

2. **Understand the Initial Reaction**: The first step in the formation of Bakelite is the reaction between phenol and formaldehyde. This reaction is characterized as an electrophilic substitution reaction. In this step, the hydroxyl group (-OH) of phenol acts as a nucleophile and attacks the electrophilic carbon of formaldehyde.

3. **Formation of Intermediate Products**: The electrophilic substitution leads to the formation of intermediate products such as ortho-hydroxymethylphenol and para-hydroxymethylphenol. These intermediates have hydroxymethyl (-CH2OH) groups attached to the phenolic ring.

4. **Condensation Reaction**: The next step involves condensation. The intermediates formed can further react with each other, leading to the elimination of water (dehydration) and forming a three-dimensional network structure. This step is crucial as it leads to the hardening and setting of the Bakelite.

5. **Final Product**: The final product of these reactions is Bakelite, which is a thermosetting polymer known for its durability and heat resistance.

### Conclusion:
The formation of Bakelite follows the pathway of **electrophilic substitution followed by condensation**. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is the first option.