Kingdom plantae includes

Options

A. Algae and bryophytes
B. pteridophytes and gymnosperms
C. angiosperms
D. all of these.

Answer

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Kingdom Plantae**:
- Kingdom Plantae consists of multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are primarily autotrophic, meaning they can produce their own food through photosynthesis.

2. **Phyla within Kingdom Plantae**:
- The kingdom is divided into several major groups or phyla:
- **Algae**: These can be unicellular or multicellular autotrophic organisms. They are often found in aquatic environments.
- **Bryophytes**: These are non-vascular plants, often referred to as amphibians of the plant kingdom because they thrive in moist environments. Examples include mosses and liverworts.
- **Pteridophytes**: These are the first vascular plants, which means they have specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients. Examples include ferns.
- **Gymnosperms**: These are seed-producing plants that do not form flowers or fruits. They are often characterized by having "naked seeds" and include conifers like pine trees.
- **Angiosperms**: These are the most advanced group of plants, known as flowering plants. They produce flowers and seeds enclosed within a fruit.

3. **Summary of Each Group**:
- **Algae**: Autotrophic, can be unicellular or multicellular.
- **Bryophytes**: Non-vascular, amphibians of the plant kingdom.
- **Pteridophytes**: First vascular plants, such as ferns.
- **Gymnosperms**: Naked seed plants, typically tall trees.
- **Angiosperms**: Flowering plants, the most advanced group.