Which out of the following are included under tracheophyta, i.e., vascular plants?

Options

A. Pteridophytes
B. Gymnosperms
C. Angiosperms
D. all of these.

Explanation

To determine which groups of plants are included under tracheophyta, or vascular plants, we can follow these steps:

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understand the Definition of Tracheophyta**:
- Tracheophyta, also known as vascular plants, are characterized by the presence of a vascular system, which includes xylem and phloem. This system is essential for the transport of water, nutrients, and food throughout the plant.

2. **Identify the Groups of Vascular Plants**:
- The major groups of vascular plants include:
- **Pteridophyta**: These are the first vascular plants that developed a vascular system. They include ferns and their relatives.
- **Gymnosperms**: This group includes seed-producing plants that do not form flowers or fruits, such as conifers.
- **Angiosperms**: These are flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed within a fruit.

3. **Conclusion**:
- Since all three groups (Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms) possess a vascular system, they are all included under the category of tracheophyta.

4. **Final Answer**:
- Therefore, the correct answer is that all of these groups (Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms) are included under tracheophyta.