Asexual reproduction in liverworts takes place by

Options

A. fragmentation of thalli and gemmae formation
B. gemmae formation and diploid spore formation
C. spores formation and isogamy
D. fragmentation and zoospore formation

Explanation

### Step-by-Step Solution

1. **Understanding Liverworts**: Liverworts are non-vascular plants that belong to the division Bryophyta. They are one of the simplest forms of land plants.

2. **Asexual Reproduction**: Asexual reproduction in liverworts can occur through two primary methods: the formation of special structures called gametes and fragmentation.

3. **Gamete Formation**:
- The first method involves the development of special asexual structures known as **gametes** (not to be confused with gametes involved in sexual reproduction).
- These gametes are green, multicellular structures that develop in specialized receptacles called **gamete cups**.
- When mature, these gametes detach from the parent plant and can grow into a new liverwort plant.

4. **Fragmentation**:
- The second method of asexual reproduction is **fragmentation**.
- In this process, a part of the thallus (the body of the liverwort) breaks off and can develop into a new plant.
- This method allows liverworts to reproduce and spread efficiently in their environment.

5. **Conclusion**: Therefore, the two modes of asexual reproduction in liverworts are:
- Formation of gametes (special asexual structures).
- Fragmentation of the thallus.

6. **Correct Answer**: Based on the explanation, the correct answer to the question is **fragmentation of thallus and gamete formation**.