In __________flowers, margin of thalamus grows upward enclosing the ovary completely and getting fused with it.

Options

A. hypogynous
B. perigynous
C. epigynous
D. Both (b) and (c)

Explanation

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding Flower Structure**: In flowering plants, the arrangement of floral organs around the ovary is crucial for classification. The ovary can be positioned in different ways relative to the other floral parts, which include sepals, petals, and stamens.

2. **Types of Flower Arrangements**: The three main types of floral arrangements are:
- **Hypogynous**: The ovary is superior, meaning it is above the other floral parts.
- **Perigynous**: The ovary is also superior, but the other floral parts are arranged in a cup-like structure around it.
- **Epigynous**: The ovary is inferior, meaning it is below the other floral parts.

3. **Focusing on Epigynous Flowers**: In epigynous flowers, the margin of the thalamus (the thickened part of the stem that bears the floral organs) grows upward and completely encloses the ovary. This results in the thalamus fusing with the ovary.

4. **Visualizing the Structure**: In an epigynous flower, when viewed from above, only the style and stigma are visible, as they protrude from the top of the ovary. The other floral parts (like petals and sepals) are positioned above the ovary.

5. **Examples of Epigynous Flowers**: Common examples include fruits like apples and cucumbers, where the ovary is positioned below the other floral organs.

6. **Conclusion**: Therefore, the correct answer to the question is "epigynous".

**Final Answer**: In **epigynous** flowers, the margin of the thalamus grows upward enclosing the ovary completely and getting fused with it.

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