The movement of cilia and flagella is due to the presence of

Options

A. (a) radial spokes
B. (b) central sheath
C. (c) singlet microtubules
D. (d) dyneins

Explanation

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding the Question**: The question asks about the component responsible for the movement of cilia and flagella. Cilia and flagella are hair-like structures that extend from the surface of many eukaryotic cells and are involved in movement.

2. **Identifying the Options**: The options provided are:
- A) Radial spokes
- B) Central sheath
- C) Cingulate microtubules
- D) Dyneins

3. **Analyzing the Components**:
- **Radial spokes**: These are structural components that help maintain the structure of cilia and flagella but are not directly responsible for movement.
- **Central sheath**: This is part of the structure of cilia and flagella but does not play a role in their movement.
- **Cingulate microtubules**: This term is not commonly used in the context of cilia and flagella movement.
- **Dyneins**: These are motor proteins that move along microtubules and are known to be responsible for the movement of cilia and flagella.

4. **Understanding Dyneins**: Dyneins are a family of cytoskeletal motor proteins that convert chemical energy from ATP into mechanical work. They interact with microtubules, which are the structural components of cilia and flagella, to facilitate their movement.

5. **Conclusion**: Given that dyneins are the motor proteins that utilize ATP to produce movement in cilia and flagella, the correct answer to the question is option D) Dyneins.

**Final Statement**: Hence, the correct answer is option D) Dyneins.

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