Incidence of Emphysema - a respiratory disorder is high in cigarette smokers. In such cases

Options

A. the bronchioles are found damaged
B. the alveolar walls are found damaged
C. the plasma membrane is found damaged
D. the respiratory muscles are found damaged.

Explanation

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding Emphysema**: Emphysema is a respiratory disorder characterized by damage to the lungs, particularly affecting the alveoli (the tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs).

2. **Identifying the Cause**: The primary cause of emphysema is long-term exposure to irritants, with cigarette smoke being one of the most significant contributors. The chemicals in cigarette smoke can lead to inflammation and damage in the lungs.

3. **Effects on Lung Structure**: In emphysema, the alveolar walls become damaged. This damage leads to the destruction of the alveoli, reducing the surface area available for gas exchange.

4. **Consequences of Damage**: The damage to the alveolar walls results in a reduced ability to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. This leads to symptoms such as shortness of breath and difficulty in breathing, as the lungs cannot effectively transfer oxygen to the blood or remove carbon dioxide from it.

5. **Conclusion**: Therefore, in cases of emphysema, the correct statement is that the alveolar walls are found damaged due to the effects of cigarette smoke.

**Final Answer**: The alveolar walls are found damaged in individuals suffering from emphysema, particularly those who are cigarette smokers.

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