Hippuric acid, creatinines and ketonews are added to urine through

Options

A. selective reabsorption
B. glomerular filtration
C. tubular secretion
D. both b and c

Answer

To answer the question "Hippuric acid, creatinine, and ketones are added to urine through," we need to understand the processes involved in urine formation. Here’s a step-by-step breakdown of the solution:

### Step 1: Understanding the Components
- **Identify the substances**: Hippuric acid, creatinine, and ketones are all nitrogenous waste products.
- **Role of the kidneys**: The kidneys are responsible for filtering blood and removing waste products, including nitrogenous wastes.

### Step 2: Urine Formation Process
- **Three main processes**: Urine formation occurs in three main steps:
1. **Glomerular Filtration**
2. **Reabsorption**
3. **Tubular Secretion**

### Step 3: Glomerular Filtration
- **Definition**: This is the first step where blood is filtered in the glomeruli of the kidneys.
- **Outcome**: The filtered fluid, known as glomerular filtrate, contains water, electrolytes, and nitrogenous wastes (like hippuric acid, creatinine, and ketones).

### Step 4: Tubular Secretion
- **Definition**: This is the process where additional wastes are secreted into the tubular lumen from the blood.
- **Location**: This occurs in various parts of the nephron, including the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT), Loop of Henle, and Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT).
- **Outcome**: Nitrogenous wastes that were not filtered out during glomerular filtration can be actively secreted into the urine.

### Step 5: Conclusion
- **Final Answer**: Both glomerular filtration and tubular secretion contribute to the addition of hippuric acid, creatinine, and ketones to urine. Therefore, the correct answer is that these substances are added to urine through both processes: **glomerular filtration (B)** and **tubular secretion (C)**.

### Final Answer:
Both B (glomerular filtration) and C (tubular secretion).

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