Integrated Pest Mangement (IPM) discourages the excessive use of

Options

A. biological methods
B. chemical pesticides
C. mechanical methods
D. all of these

Explanation

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding Integrated Pest Management (IPM):**
- IPM is a comprehensive approach to managing pests that combines different management strategies and practices to control pest populations in an environmentally sustainable way.

2. **Methods Used in IPM:**
- IPM employs various methods, including biological, mechanical, and chemical methods, to manage pests effectively.
- Biological methods involve introducing natural predators or enemies of the pests to control their populations.
- Mechanical methods include physical removal of pests, such as hand-picking or using nets.

3. **Focus on Chemical Pesticides:**
- While IPM incorporates multiple strategies, it particularly discourages the excessive use of chemical pesticides.
- Chemical pesticides can lead to negative environmental impacts, such as soil pollution and decreased soil fertility.

4. **Conclusion:**
- Therefore, the correct answer to the question is that Integrated Pest Management (IPM) discourages the excessive use of **chemical pesticides**.

---